SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE)

 Science:

               It is the systemize body of knowledge based on fact human experiences.

It derived from the latin word scientia meaning knowledge.

Technology:

                    It is a broad trun that refers both to artifacts created by humans such as machines and the methods used to create these artifacts.t

                    It came from Greek word technology which is a canbination of techno meaning croft and logia meaning saying.t

ADVANTAGES:

                       It will make our life simpler.It helps us to organise our daily activities our jobs can be done faster by this. At help us to communicate easier with other people.

It help us to know and understand other culture and society better. 

By discovering science scientists are able to create something which can improue the  quality of our lives immeasurably e.g. Computer Mobile phones, Aeroplane, Internet and so on ... with the discovery of these invention people can fulfil their aspiration much more easily. Science can trun small, poor country to a progressive one. not only this it also help in the fields of diseases. Without the inventions of science and unending efforts of scientists, many sickness and diseases like canceer, Malaria , etc. were considered as ineurable sockness.

Technology is so popular and economicaly profitable that icps advantage are published regularly. It also include its obility. It is the practical science with the use of the tech you can make your daily work easy.

Science has brought about several outstanding advantage to mankind. The vast improument ade in the field of the medicine had served to lengthan our life. expectaney and to reduce the rate of infant morality.

The discovery of mechaniration, better seeds, better techniques of irrigation and past control has worked to increase the productivity level on forms. In transportation, railway, modren, ocean lines get plane and motor vehicle have made our lies more comfortable and peuxided great possibilites. The inventation of comp. has assisted the prouss of calculation in laborataries.

 DISADVANTAGE-

it can be easily manipulated by irresponsible person. we are too dependent on it.when techfails we feel helpless. it affect ones health and lifestyle 

.Disturb study of student also in many ways

if at one hand science and technology brought a lot of wonders for as than one the the other hand there are disadvantages of science and technology as well.it increases anxity of our lives .when tech goes in wrong hand than it can negitively impact society such as increasing rate of cyber crimehanking able to create something which can improve the quality of our lives imeasurable.

TECHNOLOGY is so popular and economically profitable that is advantages are published regularly is also include its ability to inhance education and communication it is the practical science with the use of tech. you can make your daily work easy .

science has brought about several outstanding advantage to mankind .the vast improvement made in the field of medicine has served to lenghthen .our life expectancy and to reduce the rate of infant marality .

Regarding mdu examination

 

Welcome to MDU's Online Survey
Regarding Terminal Semester/Year Examination Mode

In view of prevailing COVID – 19 pandemic, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak is committed to safe and secure conduct of Terminal Semester/Year Examinations as also upholding their credibility and sanctity, as per directions of the UGC/State Govt. The exam whether in online or offline (pen & paper i.e. physically appearing at the centre) mode shall be based on Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)/Descriptive mode.

To minimize hardship to students and to avoid their physical presence in examination centres for taking exams, MDU is taking mandatory option from the students regarding their choice to opt for :

    (i) Online Examination Mode in which students will attempt the examinations from their homes through own Laptops, Desktops/PCs or Android Mobile Phones. Students while opting for Online Examination Mode will ensure the availability of Internet Connectivity & access devices (Laptop/PC/Android Mobile Phone/) at their end and it will be the sole responsibility of the students.
    OR
    (ii) Offline Examination (Physical) Mode in which students will be required to physically appear at examination centres allotted by the university.

Note :
It is mandatory for all Terminal Semester/Year Students to select one Mode of Examination in this Online Survey.

महर्षि दयानन्द यूनिवर्सिटी, रोहतक के अंतिम सेमेस्टर/वर्ष के विद्यार्थियों की परीक्षा प्रणाली के चयन करने हेतु किये जा रहे ऑनलाइन सर्वेक्षण में आपका स्वागत है.

कोरोना सर्वव्यापी महामारी के चलते, महर्षि दयानन्द यूनिवर्सिटी, रोहतक अंतिम सेमेस्टर/वर्ष की परीक्षा यू.जी.सी/राज्य सरकार के निर्देशानुसार सुरक्षित एवं सुचारु रूप से करवाने और उसकी विश्वसनीयता और पवित्रता बनाये रखने हेतु प्रतिबद्ध है. परीक्षाएँ बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न / वर्णात्मक पद्दति पर होंगी, परीक्षा प्रणाली चाहे ऑनलाइन या ऑफलाइन (पेन व कागज़, अर्थात शारीरिक रूप से परीक्षा केंद्र पर उपस्थित होकर) हो.

विद्यार्थियों की समस्याओं को न्यूनतम करने हेतु एवं उन्हें परीक्षा केंद्रों में शारीरिक रूप से उपस्थित ना होना पड़े, इसके लिए मदवि विद्यार्थियों से निम्नलिखित अनिवार्य विकल्प ले रही है:

    (i) ऑनलाइन परीक्षा प्रणाली विकल्प, जिसमें विद्यार्थी अपने घर से ही अपने लैपटॉप, कंप्यूटर अथवा एंड्राइड मोबाइल फ़ोन से परीक्षा देंगे. ऑनलाइन परीक्षा प्रणाली का विकल्प चुनने वाले विद्यार्थियों को अपने स्तर पर इंटरनेट एवं लैपटॉप/कंप्यूटर/ एंड्राइड मोबाइल फ़ोन की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित करनी होगी और यह पूर्ण रूप से विद्यार्थी की जिम्मेदारी होगी.
    या
    (ii) ऑफलाइन परीक्षा प्रणाली विकल्प, जिसमें विद्यार्थी शारीरिक रूप से यूनिवर्सिटी द्वारा निर्धारित परीक्षा केंद्र में उपस्थित होकर परीक्षा देंगे.

नोट:
अंतिम सेमेस्टर/वर्ष के विद्यार्थियों को इस ऑनलाइन सर्वेक्षण के द्वारा परीक्षा प्रणाली का कोई एक विकल्प चुनना अनिवार्य है.

Direct link- http://examsurvey.mdu.ac.in/Default.aspx

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020

  National Education policy (NEP) is the change which will give an impetus to education system of India that has been losting  since 1986. The NEP has been changed only three times, first was in 1968 second was in 1986 and now third in 2020. Perviously NEP was based on 10+2 schooling system but in latest one it is going to be 5+3+3+4 system which is similar to other foreign countries like USA, UK, Germany etc. This NEP tgoing to be a gateway for good and efficacious education. 

The 5+3+3+4 system is 5 year for the foundation stage that is 3 year for pre- primary school and 2 year for class 1st and 2nd 3rd year will be for the  preparatory stage that in class 3-5. Further 3 year will be for the middle stage stage that is class 6th to 8th and the last 4 year will be for the secondary stage that is class 9th to 12th. Previously student were allowed  to chose subjects after class 10th but now they are allowed to choose  subject after 8th and will be allowed to option. Subjects as put their perference. As per NEP now student after class 5th will have compulsory. Skill development classes and vocational  training along with compulsory coding classes. It also give preference to practiele G.K. rather then not learning which is devasting and blacklashing for E.S. And mother language/ regional language will be used as medium of instructun upto 5th.

By 2025 at least 50% learners through the school & higher education system. It basically means student would get change for internship even at school level get mentored by local experts in the field. CBSE, NCERT, *& NCIT, will replaced by a single regulator for higher education (HECI).

Owerall its benificial but there is some critism. 3 language policy is opposed by southern status as they only speak 2 language. many people also oppose that its implemenlation will be too difficult. Because in India, the number  of teacher is far less than what is requred and all are not acquainted with good practicle knowledge.

Coming to canclusion NEP 2020 is loudable but the gouernment should focus on its implementatin as soon as possible with great efforts.

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

 Carbon is a versatile element on which many things like food, clothes, medicines, books, etc are based.

Because of its tetravalency carbon form covalent bonds.

Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity.

The compounds of carbon and hydrogen only are known as hydrocarbons.

Carbon show allotropy and its main allotropes are graphite and diamond.

Fullerenes are another class of allotropes of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a football.

Compound of carbon in which carbon atoms are linked by single bonds only are called saturated compounds.

Compounds of carbon in which carbon atoms are linked by double or triple bonds are called unsaturated compounds.

The other elements which may be present in the hydrocarbons are called hetero elements. These elements decide about the properties of those compounds.

Carbon atoms have a tendency to form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains this property is known as catenation. 

Atom of group which determine be property of an organic compound is called functional group.

Compounds with  same functional group and similar chemical properties from homologous series.

There are three homologous series of hydrocarbons alkanes. Alkenes and alkynes.

Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.

Ethanol and ethanoic acids are very important carbon compound.

Ethanol is an important fuel. 

Alcohol consumption by humans lead to many health hazards .

Reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols lead to formation of esters which are sweet smelling compounds.

saponification is the process of formation soap.

                        SOME MORE DEFINATION 

CARBON: The element with atomic number 6. mass number 12. Electronic configuration 2, 4,valency 4, belongs to 14th group of periodic table and symbolised as 6/12, c widely distributed in nature.

COVALENT BONDS: The chemical bond formed as a result of sharing of electrons between/ among atoms of same/different elements (non-metals).

VALENCY: The combining capacity of atoms of an element. it is generally denoted by no. of valence electron or by subtracting no. of valence electrons from 8(complete octet ,outermost shell).

NOBLE GASES: Gases like He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe which are inert due to there completely filled valence shell are called noble gases.

OCTET: The completely filled outermost shell with eight electrons is called octet.

ALLOTROPY:  The phenomena of existence of two or more physical forms of the same chemical element with same chemical properties is called allotropy.

ALLOTROPES: Different physical forms of the same chemical element.

GRAPHITE: An allotrope of carbon, grey in colour some what slippery to touch, good conductor of heat and electricity.

FULLERENES: These from another class of carbon allotropes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a football (c-60).

SATURATED COMPOUND: The organic compounds in which there are present carbon- carbon single bonds only, are called satutrated compounds.

UNSATURATED COMPOUND: The organic compound in which there are present at least one carbon-carbon double bond or triple bond.

ISOMERISM; The phenomena of existance of more than one structural formula for the same molecular formula is called isomerism. 

ISOMERS; Different structural formula for the same molecular formula are called isomers.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES; A series of organic compound which can be represented by same general formula and which possess similar chemical properties form a homologous series.

IUPAC: stands for international union of pure and applied chemistry.

CATALYSTS; The substance which bring about a change in rate of reaction without undergoing any chemical change themselves.

FERMENTATION;The conversion of complex organic compounds into simple organic compounds by enzymes is called fermenation .

ESTERS: The organic compounds with general formula RCOOR some of which are sweet smelling.

ESTERIFICATION: The process of formation of esters when an organic acid reacts with alcohols 

METALS AND NON-METALS

 Elements have been broadly classified as metal and non metals.

Common examples of metals are iron, copper, aluminium, tin, mercury, silver, gold, sodium, potassium etc.

Common examples of a non-metals are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulphur, carbon, phosphorus, etc.

Metals possess some characteristic properties like malleability, ductility, conductivity, somorousity, high melting and boiling point etc.

Non-metals exist in all the three physical states whereas metals exist in solid state.

Metal oxides are generally basic, a few metal oxides are amphoteric in nature.

Metals react with water from there oxides or hydroxides.

Metal when react with acids from salt and hydrogen ges.

Ionic compounds so formed are generally soluble in water and good conductor electricity in solution form or in molten state.

Most of the metals occur in nature in the form of there compounds called minerals or ores.

The type of metallurrgical process used will depend on the nature of metal.

The metals get weakened due to environmental effect. This is known as metal corrosion.

Corrosion of iron is known as rustin.

Metal corrosion can be prevented by painting, applying, oils, galvanisation, electroplating and alloying.

                                            SOME MORE DEFINATION

Metals: Those element atoms of which contain less then for electrons in there outermost shells and which by losing electrons from positively charged ions are called metals.

Non- metal: Non-metals are those elements atoms of which process four or more elements in there outermost shells and which by gaining electrons from negatively charged ions are called non-metals.

Ductility: The property of metals due to which they can be stretched in to thin wires are called ductility.

Malleability: The property of metals due to which they can be hammered in to thin sheets is called malleability.

Metal corrosion: The weakening of metals due to environment effect generally due to oxidation is called corrosion.

Electrical conductivity: The property of metals due to which they conduct electric current (without much electrical resistance) is called electrical conductivity.

Thermal conductivity: The property of metals due to which they can transfer heat from their one part to the other is called thermal conductivity.

Cations: The ions carrying positive charge.

Anions: The ions carrying negative charge.

Amphoteric oxides: The oxides which can behave both ways - as an acid and a base.

Alkali: A base which is soluble in water can form aqueous solution.

Minerals: The compounds of metals which are naturally available in the earth crust.

Ores: The minerals from which a metal can be extracted easily and profitably.

Gangue: The unwanted earthly matter, rocks, dustpresent along with the ores is called gangue.

Metal refining: Removal of impurities present in a metal is called metal refining.

 Rust: The brown coloured leyer formed as a result of reaction of iron articles with water and oxygen .

Allotropy: The phenomena of existance of two or more physical forms of the same chemical element is called allotropy.

Allotropes: Different physical forms of the same chemical element .

Conductors: Those substances through which electricity can pass easily without much resistance are called conductors.

   Electrolyte: Generally an ionic compound in solution form or molten state which conduct electricity is called electrolyte.

Anode: The electrode attached to the positive terminal of the battery in a circuit.

Cathode: The electrode attached to negative terminals of the battery.

Alloys: A solid homogeneous mixture of two or more metals (with non-metals) is called an alloy.

Alloying: The process of preparing an alloy.

NCERT SCIENCE ACID BASE AND SALT

 Acid are sour in taste and change the colour of blue litmus to red, Whereas bases taste bitter and change the colour of red litmus to blue.

Litmus is a natural indicator obtained from lichens.

Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are synthetic indicators.

A few reactive metals like zinc react with strong bases like NaOH to yield H2 gas.

Acids and bases react with each other to from salts and water, the process is called neutralisation.

The non-metal oxides like Co2, which is acidic react with bases to from salts and water.

The acids ionise in water and conduct electricity.

The pH of a solution (acid or base) is an indication of the strength of an acid or a base.

The pH of a neutral solution is 7. The pH less then 7 means acidic and more than 7 means basic.

The strength of acids and bases depends on the number of H+ ions and OH - ions produced.

NaOH is manufactured from common salt by chlor-alkali process.

Washing soda and baking soda are manufactured by. Solvay process from sodium chloride.

The colour of large number of salts is due to presence of water of crystallisation.

Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating of gypsum  (CaSO4, 2H2O) is chemically calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

                                         SOME MORE DEFINATION  

   

Acids: Those substances which give H+ ions in aqueous solution are called acids.They are sour in taste and trun blue litmus red.

Bases:  Those substances which give OH- ions in aqueous solution are called bases. They are bitter in taste and turn red litmus blue.

Salts:  when an acid reacts with a base or a metal then the compounds formed are called salts.

Alkalies: Those bases which are soluble in water are called alkalies.

Indicators: Those substances which change there colour in acidic or basic media are called (acid-base) indicators.

Antacids:  Those substances which are used to neutralise acids are called antacids.

Ionisation: The process of formation of ions in aqueous solution is called ionisation.

pH meter: An instrument used for measuring pH of a solution.

Common salt: Sodium chloride : NaCl.

Washing soda: Sodium carbonate : Na2CO3, 10H2O.

Baking soda: Sodium hydrogencarbonate : NaHCO3.

Bleaching powder: Calcium oxychloride: CaOCl2.

Plaster of Paris: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate: CaSO4. 1/2 H2O.

NCERT Chapter 1 science 10th class notes

CHEMICAL EQUATION 

       

          in nature there occur thousand of reactions,some of them are physical and other chemical.

    physical reaction are those in which there occur change in physical state only and chemical composition of substance remain unchanged.

&chemical reaction are those in which chemical composition of substance gets changed and new substance formed ..

During chemical reaction there can be 1)change in state 2)change in colour 3)evolution of gas 4)change in temperature etc.

Chemical reaction are following types-

1)combination reaction 2)decomposition reaction 3)displacement reaction 4)double displacement reaction 5)redox reaction

Electrolysis of water is a decomposion reaction in which water is decomposed into H2 and O2 under influence of electric current.

there are certain reaction which take place only in presence of light .such reaction are called photochemical reaction.

the more reactive element can displace less reactive element from there salt solution,such reaction are called displacement reaction.

the substance which prevent oxidation are called antioxident and are added to food articals to prevent there oxidation./spoilage.

   SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITION-

1)CHEMICAL EQUATION-when a chemical change is represented in the form of symbol and formula.

2)CHEMICAL REACTION-a change in which one or more chemical element or compound from new compound.

3)BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATION-a chemical equation with same no of atoms of each element type of reactant as well as product side.

4)REACTANTS-the substance which react with each other to form a new substamnce.

5)PRODUCTS-the substances formed as a results of a chemical change.

6)EXOTHERMIC REACTIIONS-chemical reactions which are accompained by release of heat energy .

7)ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS-the chemical reactions which are accompianed by absorbation of energy.

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